AER Operating in the Australian Market-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about theAustralian Energy Regulator is Operating in the Australian Market. Answer: Presentation Australian Energy Regulator is a discount power and gas industry existing in the Country of Australia. It is a characteristic restraining infrastructure, which does transmission of intensity and circulation of power in the Australian market. Australian Energy Regulator being an open utility area, yet it is viewed as existing in a restraining infrastructure advertise. Imposing business model market is the place the structure comprises of just a single merchant or maker, which exists for an item, and their obstructions to section s confined. The task is accomplished for the organization Australian Energy Regulator and the nation taken up is Australia. In Australia, because of quality of power being a characteristic imposing business model. In the examination, AER is working in the Australian market (Allender Richards, 2012). The interest bend, which is drawn, and it shows dispersion of the value, amount, which is requested, is drawn, and it is one of the significant instruments and it examinations the clients need in the market. Number of merchants and purchasers Power is an open utility and the perfect ware which is exchanged utilizing pool course of action.. Power is an item, which can't be put away for future utilization subsequently the gracefully is changing with the adjustment in the interest .Every one unit of power is not the same as the remainder of the units since it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to decide the specific generator, which has created the power. There is particular data innovation, which is NEM and this framework offset the gracefully with the interest, and along these lines keeping up holds and the force framework work each in turn and in this way encouraging the money related repayment of the physical conveyance (Comyns et al., 2013). Australia has set up a market where there is showcase in power future. With the improvement of innovation and increment in the advancement of IT the imposing business model intensity of the generator has been diminished however the local restraining infrastructure power which the merchants of power in Australia continues as before and is exceptionally confined. With the development of innovation, the territorial imposing business model intensity of the market of Australia can be decreased. The adjustments in the power advertise are probably going to proceed sooner rather than later. The market size and the development rate, the absolute gainfulness of the organization is generally since there are no contenders or any financial pointers utilized in assessing the market in this industry. There are no new contestants in the business and the providers and purchasers can't pick the items. There is no serious weight that the power organization faces, since it is the main vender, along thes e lines there is no opposition that it needs to beat with the rest (Helbig, 2015). Sort of item Australian Energy Regulator is the main one of a kind merchant and wholesaler of power in Australia; it is the most conspicuous and extraordinary brand existing and providing power in Australia. It is an enrolled discount advertise having trademark, which is sold in each bit in the Australia (Nepal, Menezes Jamasb, 2014). There are two kind of costs that are engaged with the characteristic restraining infrastructure is negligible expense and fixed expense. In a characteristic restraining infrastructure like power industry, the negligible cost diminishes with the economies of scale. The power showcase has extraordinary cost structure, it has an extremely high fixed expense and in this manner they don't rely upon the yield, since minor expense is steady (Frankel, Parsley Wei, 2012). Common imposing business models, for example, power are the biggest provider in the business and it is the main provider and in this way has significant expense advantage and where fixed expense commands the market. A firm, which has a high fixed expense, requires immense clients to procure the arrival on venture. Since they have significant expense from gains from piece of the pie and increments in yield from the fixed expense. Organizations exploit from economies of scale since the normal expense is decreased since it is a characteristic imposing business model. When a characteristic syndication has been built up in view of the huge beginning, cost as needs be the economies of scale lower. Hence, no organizations endeavor to enter the business in the restraining infrastructure showcase (Kapferer, 2012). Section and leave condition Restraining infrastructure advertise in which there is one vender who sells the items, which are remarkable, and the merchant has a high market hold. Now and then the organizations utilize the prohibitive exchange to increment and augment the cost and benefit of the firm. Imposing business model market has the two costs just as non-value rivalry. In imposing business model, the market structure where there are one dealer and the market is homogeneous having special item (Garcia?Sanchez, Mesquita Vassolo, 2014).Monopoly is the most predominant in the power business in the nation. In the Australian market there is just a single power firm providing power in the Country. The business is selling homogeneous and novel item in a syndication market and subsequently influence the business. AER has developed with a gigantic promoting in Australia. There is no opposition since there are no new contestants in the power business. It has an exceptionally positive picture, it would must have an ex tremely positive picture and along these lines make acknowledgment to the market. With time the improvement of innovation the business isn't have the option to remain and have syndication power (Hosken, Olson Smith, 2016) Value assurance Following are the key factors that AER has when they were thinking about the estimating system: Cost is set by the interest and they are the value producer Cost is the thing that the organization gives where the organization has the most extreme income (Lacoste, 2012). Cost ought not be low and it is in every case high since it appreciates imposing business model The clients don't have decision and will purchase their item. Cost is continued by their decision The cost of power, since it is the market head the cost is extremely high AER doesn't have any contender and the estimating is high and they acquire monetary benefit in the long subsequently valuing must be done effectively since the individuals don't move from one organization to the next In the value rivalry, the association should attempt to catch the market. The buyers will purchase the item since no alternative. The firm has been extremely steadfast as they sell quality and accentuating on quality and administration (Murray Gao, 2012). Non value rivalry winning AER work is centered around controlling the common imposing business model transmission observing the discount power. The national power law presents upon AERs administrative capacities. AERs key duties at the present incorporates (Simshauser, 2017). It directs the income of the transmission organize benefits and sets up income top It manages the income of dispersion It screens the power discount advertise It screens so they agree to the national power law and guideline It researches potential penetrates of the arrangements and laws and guidelines Initiating and directing authorization procedures against important market members Excluding the system specialist co-ops from enrollment (Newbury Paterson, 2015). The imposing business model catches the whole shopper overflow. The expansion in financial benefit draws in the movement that prompts a wasteful utilization of. Economies of scale, a restraining infrastructure can deliver at a lower normal all out expense than what countless serious firms could accomplish. They set the underlying costs so they can pull in the purchasers and to pick up piece of the pie (Mountain, 2014). References Allender, W. J., Richards, T. J. (2012). Brand faithfulness and value advancement procedures: an observational analysis.Journal of Retailing,88(3), 323-342. Comyns, B., Figge, F., Hahn, T., Barkemeyer, R. (2013, September). Maintainability announcing: The job of search,experience and trustworthiness data. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 231-243). Elsevier. Frankel, J., Parsley, D., Wei, S. J. (2012). Slow go through around the globe: another import for creating countries?.Open Economies Review,23(2), 213-251. Garcia?Sanchez, J., Mesquita, L. F., Vassolo, R. S. (2014). What doesn't murder you makes you more grounded: The development of rivalry and entry?order focal points in financially tempestuous contexts.Strategic Management Journal,35(13), 1972-1992. Helbig, S. (2015). The street toward economical vitality in Western Australia: what legitimate and strategy settings could make the South West Interconnected System renewable?.Australian Environmental Law Digest, (November 2015), 32. Hosken, D. S., Olson, L. M., Smith, L. K. (2016). Can section or leave occasion examines advise even merger investigation? Proof from basic food item retailing.Economic Inquiry,54(1), 342-360. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new vital brand the executives: Advanced experiences and vital reasoning. Kogan page distributers. Lacoste, S. (2012). Vertical coopetition: The key record perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), 649-658.pensive?.Addiction,109(12), 1959-1966 Mountain, B. (2014). Autonomous guideline of government-possessed restraining infrastructures: An interesting expression? The instance of power conveyance in Australia.Utilities Policy,31, 188-196. Murray, J. Y., Ju, M., Gao, G. Y. (2012). Remote market section timing returned to: Trade-off between piece of the overall industry execution and firm survival.Journal of International Marketing,20(3), 50-64. Nepal, R., Menezes, F., Jamasb, T. (2014). System guideline and administrative institutional change: Revisiting the instance of Australia.Energy Policy,73, 259-268. Newbury, P., Paterson, M. (2015, November). Imaginative destructionv Creative collection: Organizational change difficulties standing up to power appropriation restraining infrastructures. InPower and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Simshauser, P. (2017). Imposing business model guideline, brokenness abandoned assets.Energy Economics.

jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Charlotte Bronte tends to the subject of profound quality in the novel Jane Eyre utilizing numerous characters as images. Bronte states, "Conventionality isn't profound quality. Affectedness isn't religion." In Jane Eyre, Bronte underpins the topic that standard activities are not generally moral through the regular characters of Mrs. Reed, Mr. Brocklehurst, and St. John Rivers.      The tale starts in Gateshead Hall where because of Jane's lower class standing, Mrs. Reed treats Jane as an untouchable. As Bessie and Miss Abbot drag Jane to the "red room† she is told by Miss Abbot: "No; you are not exactly a worker for you don't do anything for your keep.† She should remain in the red room after she fights back to the assault John Reed makes upon her. She gets no adoration or endorsement from her family. The main type of adoration that she has is the doll she sticks to around evening time when she rests. Mrs. Reed is a customary lady who accepts that her class standing sets her to be unrivaled, and in this way superior to an individual from her own family. Because of Jane's fits, speedy temper, and absence of restraint, society groups her as an indecent individual. Miss Abbot accepts: "God will rebuff her: He may strike her amidst her tantrums." Miss Abbot continually reminds Jane that she is devilish, she needs to atone, and she is particularly subject to supplication. The Reed youngsters, interestingly, are dealt with totally different. In spite of the fact that John Reed is merciless and horrendous to Jane, he gets no sort of caution that God will rebuff him.      The epic continues to Lowood, Mrs. Reed chooses to send Jane there after the specialist, Mr. Lloyd, exhorts her that Jane ought to go to class. Mrs. Reed is happy to be freed of Jane and asks Jane not to wake the family the day of her takeoff. Jane shows up at Lowood and watches the conduct of the understudies. They are "all with plain bolts brushed from their appearances, not a twist obvious; in earthy colored dresses, made high, and encompassed by a restricted exhaust about the throat." One day, Miss Temple serves the youngsters cheddar so as to make up for their consumed porridge. Mr. Brocklehurst, the affected pioneer of Lowood, reveals to Miss Temple: "You know that my arrangement in raising these young ladies, isn't to familiarize them to extravagance and guilty pleasure, however to render them, solid, patient, and self-denying.

Reversing The Aging Process, Should We? Essay -- essays research paper

Switching The Aging Process, Should We? In the time span estimated as human lifetime one can hope to see a full scope of varying occasions. It is accepted that during a lifetime an individual will experience each conceivable distinctive feeling. In the event that one is especially fortunate, he will demonstrate the veracity of, or influence some pivotal change in humankind. Anyway is it sensible to ask what might be experienced by somebody who lived two lifetimes? Up to this point the past inquiry would and must be explanatory. There is no answer, in light of the fact that nobody has ever experienced that long. Obviously that was as of recently. At McGill University, nematodes (little creatures) have encountered five lifetimes (Kluger). Through complex logical analyses nematodes and organic product flies have had their life expectancies expanded not by parts of life times, yet by products of lifetimes (Kruger). Humanity is utilizing the disclosure of DNA as a chance to play G-d by changing the maturing procedure. Man has a characteristic propensity to play the job of G-d. Man has an a characteristic need to influence others, be it through the tight clamps of war, force, control or governmental issues. Anyway man’s common inclination to play G-d has reached it’s last indication. By endeavoring to back off the maturing process man is utilizing himself as a definitive canvas, to assume the job of the transcendent. Investigation into the way toward maturing started in 1961(Rose, Technology Review:64). From that point forward a lot of time, cash and exertion have been appropriated into finding the reasons for maturing, it can consequently be gathered that mankind has a nearly "personal" enthusiasm for maturing. Obviously the zenith of finding how we age, is finding how to stop it. An inherent quality of Man is His fixation on triviality. Triviality is compared with appearance. The presence of magnificence can be compared with youth. In that lies man’s fixation with age, stopping to age implies being endlessly delightful. As regular man’s activities are ruled by sense of self and self-protection. Inside the limits of youth there lies a specific wellspring of intensity. Force which can't be gotten to once one ages. Things like physical and sexual ability. The hour of youth is frequently refereed to as the "prime of your life". It is accordingly not hard to comprehend and think about man’s inspiration to remain youthful and to wish that the prompt individuals surr... ...m control ling minuscule substance responses. Man is alluded to as G-d’s extreme creation, the universe his canvas. Be that as it may, what happens when people take the canvas and choose to redesign, okay need to recolor your Picasso? Is there any defense for living that long, does there should be? These are difficult inquiries, and there not proposed to be, however should researchers demonstrate fruitful in their undertakings, these inquiries should be settled. In what capacity can certain foundations which disapprove of restorative plastic medical procedure dislike the revamping of protein strands? There is no uncertainty that the individuals in charge of those associations would exploit these innovations (Rose, Melatonin,: 6). How are the two things extraordinary? There are no potential answers to these inquiries for the time being they should stay explanatory. It is progressively clear that the repercussions of these advances stretch in all cases. As consistently the skyline of things to come extends before us, as it were uncovering a brief look at that which is to come. The reverberating inquiries that will before long go up against us must be closed with the progression of time, something evidently humankind will have a ton of.

5 Tips to Search For the Best Term Paper Reviews

5 Tips to Search For the Best Term Paper ReviewsReading term paper reviews is the easiest way to know which paper you will go for next time. But how do you select the one that is most suitable to you?First, you should understand what your requirements are and try to find the paper that would satisfy your requirements. You can read the terms and conditions of the paper carefully to see if it meets all your criteria. It's better to consult your teacher or your professor before signing up for the paper, as there might be some misgivings on your part.Second, you should search for the paper through the net. There are many sites that have the information regarding the papers that you will be offered. The terms and conditions are also posted there for reference purposes. Some sites may not offer all the details.Third, you should start looking at the papers in question by going through the guidelines on the back cover. You can ask the students to leave a comment on the paper. This will give you an idea of what the students are expecting from it.Fourth, you should take the help of online reviews to know about the best term paper reviews. This will give you a chance to ask the students and find out their opinions about the paper. Just by reading the comments, you will know what your students think about the paper.Fifth, you should keep track of the feedback you get after the papers are over. You can also access the feedback by going through the newspaper at the end of the term. You can then see which paper received the most comments. If you want to know more about the opinions of the students, go through the comments and you will also be able to get more details about the papers.These five tips can help you in finding the best term paper reviews. By following them, you will be able to find the paper that suits your requirements and gives you the information you want.

Offering Help in English for ESL Learners

There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most common: May I help you?Can I help you?Are you looking for something?Would you like some help?Do you need some help?What can I do for you today? After you study these constructions, take the offering help quiz to check your understanding. Construction Formula Verb Form May I help you? Use May I or Can I the base form of the verb in a statement. Are you looking for something? Use Are you looking for something OR anything in particular OR specific object Would you like some help? Use Would you like some help OR some advice OR a recommendation Do you need some help? Use Do you need some help OR some advice OR a recommendation What can I do for you today? Use What can I do for you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning, this afternoon, this evening

Lehman Brothers And The Financial Crisis - 1365 Words

When the crisis began in the mid-2007 caused by sub-prime bubble, uncertainty among banks about the creditworthiness for their clients and customers deteriorated as they had majorly invested in very complex and overpriced financial products. As a result, the interbank market became volatile and risk premiums on interbank loans increased. Banks faced a serious liquidity problem, as they experienced major difficulties to revolve their short-term debt. At that stage, policymakers still perceived the crisis primarily as a liquidity problem. However, it was widely believed that the European economy would be largely safe to the financial turbulence. The real economy, though slowing, was thriving on strong fundamentals such as rapid export growth†¦show more content†¦Faulty investments and real estate and banking bubbles had cost some citizens their savings, particularly in majorly impacted countries such as Spain. During the credit crunch, many commercial European banks lost money on their exposure to bad debts in US (e.g. subprime mortgage debt bundles). The credit crunch caused a decrease in bank lending and investments; this resulted in a serious recession (economic downturn). European house prices fell due to credit crunch and recession which increased the losses of many European banks. The recession caused a steep deterioration in government funds. As a result of negative growth, the government received less tax: (high unemployment leading to less income tax; less people spending lead to less VAT; less company profits lead to less corporation tax etc. The government also had to spend more on unemployment benefits). GDP fell (see chart below) and debts rose rapidly, resulting in increase in Debt to GDP ratio (see chart below). Unemployment figures were at 5% in Germany at the lower end, while it reached 27% in Greece and Spain. In an increasing number of countries a vicious cycle developed. Financial instability slowed economic growth, which resulted in lower tax revenues and increased governments’ debts. Due to higher debts, the cost of borrowing for governments rose and financial instability increased. More focus on budget deficit and less on the level of government debt, lack of surveillance of competitiveness and

Pioneers, oh pioneers free essay sample

The author Jean Rhys was born in 1890 and brought up in Roseau, Dominica (Rhys 1981: 10). Her father was Welsh and her mother Creole (Rhys 1981:6), so she grew up between two worlds. Savory underlines that this is manifested in her divided attitude towards cultural identities (1998: 35). Rhys was an author of novels, short stories and an autobiographical fragment which is called â€Å"Smile Please†. But not only this book is autobiographical. Jean Rhys had almost always some autobiographical aspects in her stories. To her friend David Plante, who later became the ghostwriter of her autobiography, she said: â€Å"I can’t make things up, I can’t invent. I have no imagination. I can’t invent character. I don’t think I know what character is. I just write about what happened† (1983: 52). In â€Å"Pioneers, Oh Pioneers†, which was originally published under the name â€Å"Dear Darling Mr Ramage† in The Times and later became a part of the story collection â€Å"Sleep It Off Lady† (Rhys 1976), the reader will also find some autobiographical aspects. The female child protagonist Rosalie is â€Å"aged 9† (Rhys 1970: 12)1 and â€Å"her father is the local doctor† (Hooper 2005:122). In 1899 Rhys was the same age and her father also had â€Å"decided to become a doctor† (Rhys 1981: 68). Malcolm and Malcolm point out that Ramage â€Å"is neither white nor black† just like Jean Rhys was. In her family she was the one with the palest skin (Rhys 1981). Do you consider yourself a West Indian? † She shrugged. â€Å"It was such a long time ago when I left. † â€Å"So you don’t think of yourself as a West Indian writer? † Again, she shrugged, but said nothing. â€Å"What about English? Do you consider yourself an English writer? † â€Å"No! I’m not! I’m not! I’m not even English (Plante 1983:44). Jean Rhys seemed nowhere to be fit. To come to terms with this experiences, Rhys uses the character Mr Ramage in â€Å"Pioneer, Oh, Pioneers†. She adopts his eccentricity, but apart from that, she â€Å"gives him a rather different story† (Hooper 2005: 122). 1 All references from the short story are from: Rhys, Jean. â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers. † Sleep it Off Lady. London: Penguin Books, 1979, 11-21. 1 The following analysis will start with a short definition of the term setting and a closer investigation of the general setting in the short story. Furthermore, this seminar paper is aimed to show the link between nature and the emotional state of the main character Mr Ramage. Besides, the main issue of the story, namely the cultural clash between the black and the white insulars, will be analyzed. 2. Setting ___________________________________________________________________________ To get a general understanding of the main topic of this seminar paper, namely the setting of the short story â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers†, the definition of Michael J. Toolan is to be considered. He points out that â€Å"We like, in our reading of narratives, to know where we are, and look for clear spatiotemporal indications of just where and when a thing happened. â€Å" (1988: 102). In answer to the question of the point in time during which the action of the plot takes place, the reader finds out that â€Å"It was still the nineteenth century, November 1899† (11). According to Malcolm and Malcolm this date indicates the inability of Ramage to fit in the community of the island population. It symbolizes the situation of Ramage being caught between two cultures (1996: 85). He is neither Creole, nor a proper English man, because he is trying more and more to disassociate himself from England, for example by marrying Isla. â€Å"Her given name, Isla, the Spanish for Island, may suggest that Ramage has embraced the island itself† (Hooper 2005: 124). The date 1899 also implies that the action occurs at the time of colonialism. To have an overview of the history of the society living there at that time, the reader may consider that the West Indies were discovered as a place where tobacco and sugar grew very well and one might earn money by planting there and shipping the goods apart. For this reason thousands of people from Africa were departed to the West Indies to work there as slaves. Although in 1899 slavery was already abolished, racial segregation was still present. â€Å"[T]he majority of Dominica’s population is of African descent, mainly speaking French Creole and of the Catholic faith. † (Savory 2009: 2) but the minority of white people, mostly from Europe, who believed in the Anglican Church, was still the dominating class. They urged the black people to adapt to their culture and rules (Smith 1974: 5-6). Besides telling the reader that the story is set in the time of colonialism, the date fulfils another function. November 1899 is the turning point between two seasons, two years and two centuries. As Malcolm and Malcolm point out it â€Å"adds to the sense of uncertainty and displacement† (1996: 85). 2 The question of where the action takes place is more difficult to answer, but it will be discussed in the chapter â€Å"Dominica† of the seminar paper. Particular places of action are â€Å"Spanish Castle†, the â€Å"yellow- hot Market Street† (11), â€Å"the Imperial Road† (14ff) and Cox’s house. In the following chapters, those places will be analyzed in more detail. 2. 1 Dominica ___________________________________________________________________________ Dominica plays an important role in the analysis of the setting, since it is probably the place where the entire plot takes place and it is furthermore the island that accommodates the most important houses such as Ramage’s Spanish Castle or Dr Cox’s house. â€Å"Dominica is part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, in a strip of islands known as the West Indies. It is situated between the French islands of Guadeloupe to the North and Martinique to the South. † (Kamyab 2009: 3). Other islands of the Lesser Antilles are Barbados and Trinidad (Brockhaus Weltatlas 1993: 255). Before Ramage came to Dominica he â€Å"went to Barbados [†¦]†(19), on Trinidad he marries Isla Harrington and at the end his wife is said to have stayed with relatives from Guadeloupe. As all these islands are directly mentioned, the reader can conclude that the location where the action takes place is a Caribbean island as well. Savory points out that Rosalie and Irene are â€Å"clearly in Roseau, Dominica in 1899† (2009:100). One fact which proves that Savory’s statement is very likely to be true is the reoccurring motive of the â€Å"Imperial Road†. â€Å"Along this new Imperial Road† (13) Ramage looks for a place to live. He finds his new home, a mansion called â€Å"Spanish Castle†. Another fact that may lead to the impression that Dominica is the place where the action takes place, is the â€Å"West Indian newspaper† (Rhys 1976: 12) which is mentioned in â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers†: â€Å"the Dominica Herald and Leeward Islands Gazette†. First of all, the newspaper is named after Dominica, therefore the reader may conclude that this is the place where the story occurs. Furthermore, an article published in this fictional newspaper mentions the Imperial Road and defines its idea as made â€Å"to attract young Englishmen with capital who would buy and develop properties in the interior† (19). The real Imperial Road had a similar concept. The administrator of Dominica at the period from 1899 to 1905, Henry Hesketh Bell, developed the idea of this concept. Bell was a fine publicist and attracted a number of new venturers on Crown Lands opened up by the Imperial Road, thirty on his own estimation, who 3 together had invested about ? 40,000 by the end of 1904 (Bell Papers (12. x. 1904)). In September 1900, while on leave in London, Bell wrote a long letter to The Times under the title â€Å"Planting in Dominica,† extolling the virtues of the island and seeking young men. He received many replies, three planters returning with him to Dominica later that year (Hulme 2000:29). 2. 2 Dr Cox’s house ___________________________________________________________________________ The house of the Cox family is described as one room which is: â€Å"[†¦] full of rockingchairs, a mahogany table, palm leafs fans, a tigerskin rug, family photographs, views of Bettws-y-Coed and a large picture of wounded soldiers in the snow, Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow† (Rhys 1979: 12). Furthermore, the fact that the two girls had to â€Å"go upstairs to bed† (13) leads to the conclusion that this house is not a simple one in the Caribbean. The financial situation of the Cox’s is never directly mentioned in the text, but looking at the fact that they life in a house where, for example, timber-made chairs, belong to the furniture, the reader can come to the conclusion that the Cox’s are a family that is well off. Here Rhys uses the setting to promote an â€Å"indirect characterization† (Toolan 1988: 104). To give some information about Dr Cox’s character, a description of his desktop is used. â€Å"The Times weekly edition, the Cornhill Magazine, the Lancet and a West Indian newspaper, the Dominican Herald and Leeward Islands Gazette†(12), are to be found there. This indicates that Dr Cox is a man of vast reading and therefore well-educated. Objects like this â€Å"handled or otherwise encountered by the characters† (Chatman 1993: 63) are called props. Other props are two pictures. The first one is a picture of Bettws-y-Coed, this tells the reader that the Cox’s have a British origin (http://www. betws-y-coed. com 2013). The second one with the historical Napoleonic background, implies that they are a family which is interested in culture and history. The house of the Cox family is situated near the centre of the city, close to the Market Street, which is part of Irene’s and Rosalie’s way back home (11). The description of Dr Cox â€Å"sitting in an armchair with a three- legged table by his side. On the table there were his pipe[†¦]. Also a Times weekly edition [†¦]. He was not to be spoken to [†¦]† (12) has also a biographical aspect. The place where Rhys’s father used to sit is described in a similar way: [†¦] a round table with a green- shaded reading lamp, the latest Times weekly edition a fortnight old, his pipe rack, and a large armchair where he sat reading and we weren’t allowed to disturb him or speak to him (Rhys 1981: 68 f. ). 4 2. 3 Ramage’s house ___________________________________________________________________________ Ramage’s home is the place where the function of the setting, namely to underline the character traits, is most recognizable. Rhys focuses on â€Å"male exploitation of women, on women’s resistance to and collusion with that exploitation, on marginalizes exiled figures from the Third world, on class antagonisms and conflicts† (Malcolm Malcolm 1996: 11). But in â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers† the protagonist is a â€Å"male [†¦] outsider† (Malcolm Malcolm 1996: 82). The character Ramage is also not completely invented. The real Ramage was a well-known figure in Dominica. [†¦] His attempt to dig a hole to reach China stands in parody of Chamberlain and Bell’s modernizing efforts: much digging to no ultimate purpose, and with moral laxity, madness, and death [†¦]. (Hulme 2000: 10) The main intention of the fictional Ramage in â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers† is to find peace: â€Å"’Peace, that’s what I am after. ’† (14) but the only way to find it is: â€Å" ‘to pay for it’ [†¦] ‘You’ll be very much alone. ’† (14). But this does not bother Ramage much. He prefers being alone and is considered to be â€Å"very unsociable† (12). He does not follow any â€Å"invitations to dances, tennis parties and moonlight picnics† (12f). Furthermore he does not seem to be interested in religion very much, for he never goes to church (13). The setting of the Imperial Road underlines this antisocial attitude. Only made â€Å"to attract young Englishmen† the Imperial Road is a very isolated place to live at. The closes neighbor of Ramage is the owner of Twickenham, Mr Eliot (14). In the beginning, Ramage appeals to the inhabitants of Dominica, whether they are black or white. He is â€Å"followed about by an admiring crowd of little Negro boys† (12) and regarded as â€Å"a gentleman† (12) by Miss Lambton. â€Å"Ramage appears made to fit in. † (Malcolm Malcolm 1996: 88). It is conspicuous that Rhys uses the setting to create a link between the outward appearance of Ramage and the one of his house, the â€Å"Spanish Castle†. At the beginning of the story, Ramage is described as a man that is â€Å"a king among men when it came to looks â€Å"(12), wearing his â€Å"tropical kit, white suit, red cummerbund, solar topee† (12). His eventual home, the Spanish Castle, is said to be â€Å"beautiful but not prosperous† (14). As the story continues, things change. Ramage is now â€Å"burnt a deep brown, his hair fell to his shoulders, his beard to his chest. † (16). With only â€Å"wearing sandals a leather belt, on one side which hung a cutlass, on the other a large pouch. † (16), he attracts the attention of the other inhabitants of the island. 5 Spanish castle is now â€Å"unkempt deserted [†¦]. The grass on the lawn had grown very high and the verandah hadn’t been swept for days† (17). Rhys uses the setting to underline the change in Ramage’s life. He doesn’t care about how he looks like anymore and seems desperate, because he seems to be unable to catch up with the society on the island. He simply wants to find peace. He isolates himself from the island population and tries to go native, but fails. â€Å"Ramage’s public appearance as naked, with long hair and deep brown skin, seems to indicate a serious, if flawed, attempt to go native. Ramage looks – with the exception of the beard – just like depictions of the real natives of Dominica† (Hooper 2005: 125). Ramage may try to leave his British origin behind and to identify himself as a fixed part of the island. His whole struggle with trying to live a quiet life is reflected in the appearance of his estate. By marrying Isla, Ramage splits himself off from the English society and puts down roots on Dominica. But the people who live on the island do not except this marriage. He is said to be â€Å"lost to white society† (15) now. Resulting from his interracial marriage, the island population assume that he rejects the idea of the natural superiority of the British race (Wende 2012: 229). When Mrs Ramage disappears, rumors are spread that Ramage might have killed her. An article published in the Gazette calls him a â€Å"beastly murder[er]† (19). Toolan points out that there is a causal or analogical relation between the setting on the one hand and characters and events on the other hand (1988: 104). Dr Cox, who seems to be the only friend of Ramage, is not able to see the danger signals. When he visits his friend, the last time before Ramage kills himself, he gives the impression to be okay. The â€Å"‘nasty beastly horrible Ramage. ’†(11) was now â€Å"wearing one of his linen suits, clean and pressed, and his hair and beard were trimmed. † (17). He says that he feels â€Å"splendid† (17) but his garden tells the truth. Here the setting, in this case the garden, gives some information about the feelings of the male main protagonist. As already mentioned above, the garden is â€Å"unkempt and deserted [†¦]. The grass on the lawn had grown very high and the verandah hadn’t been swept for days. † (17). Deep inside he also feels â€Å"unkempt and deserted† (17) because the people throw stones at his house (18), think that he killed his wife (19) and do not accept his new way of dressing (16) and his marriage with Isla (15). That â€Å"‘the servants have all walked out’† (17) shows that everyone left Ramage and he is all alone now, as Dr Cox predicted it before. Although he said at the beginning that he had no problem with being alone (14), he is hapless now. Nobody seems to understand him and therefore he is not able to find the only thing he was after: â€Å"Peace† (14). Neither fitting into black nor white society, Ramage decides to commit suicide. On the day of his funeral â€Å"it was lovely weather† (21). Here the weather denotes that Ramage has finally realized his dream. 6 2. 4 Comparison Imperial Road and Market Street ___________________________________________________________________________ The comparison of the Imperial Road and the Market Street is used to clarify the function of the setting to underline the racial segregation. â€Å"’In Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers,’†the two contrasting worlds meet physically on Market Street in the form of black and white women there† (Malcolm Malcolm 1996: 85). Rhys illustrates the complex hierarchy of race and class (Davis 2005) in her short story. She does this by using the setting. Like Davis points out, on Market Street â€Å"the black women were barefooted, wore gaily striped turbans and highwaisted dresses† (Rhys 1976: 11), while Afro-French Madame Menzies maintained the dignity of her old-fashioned riding habit, and British Mr. Ramage lived out an imperialist fantasy in his â€Å"tropical kit, white suit, red cummerbund, solar topee† (12). These different perspectives are linked through the consciousness of the young protagonist who rejects the reductive, hegemonic vision of colonial society (Davis 2005). When Ramage arrives on the island, he is looking for an estate and he tells Dr Cox that he â€Å"was told that there were several places going along this new Imperial Road [†¦]† (13). But Dr Cox is not convinced of this plan. â€Å"‘Won’t last. ’† (13), he says. But Ramage still decides to buy an estate located at this lonely road. He acquires Spanish Castle, â€Å"one of the older properties† (14). The nearest estate is the one of Mr Eliot. It was used to be called â€Å"Malgre Tout†, but now it is called â€Å"Twickenham† (14) after a London suburb. Wende points out that this renaming represents the British sovereignty (2012: 227). In contrast to the young men, like â€Å"young Errington, [†¦] young Kellaway, who had bought estates along the Imperial Road and worked hard [†¦]† (14) but failed and had to sell their land after only a few time had passed, Ramage does not want to gain prosperity. The only thing he wants to find is peace (14). In one way this can be interpreted as a â€Å"desired escape from Britain† (Hooper 2005: 124). The loud and crowded Market Street corresponds to the lonely Imperial Road. The Imperial Road seems to be a place built up by white people to separate themselves from the black society. It is a place where people who want to live in another country, but do not want to integrate, live. They rather want to stay among people of the same origin. This is to be noticed by the fact that there are no black people to be found on the Imperial Road. Only rich white people live there. The Market Street is the place where black as well as white people meet. As already mentioned above: â€Å"[T]he few white women [†¦] carried parasols. The black women were barefoot, wore gaily striped turbans and highwaisted dresses. †(11) Though they are humans, all people Rosalie watches on Market Street are only part of the setting (as well as 7 the admiring negro crowd). They are used to underline the contrast between black and white on the island, and are not important as characters for the story. They are only props, as Chatman defines (1993: 63). The white women do not seem to enjoy the weather. Their appearance is much darker than the one of the black women, who express much more joy with their bright clothes. Not only that the black women are barefooted, but Mrs Menzies also passes by riding, she is therefore in the physical position to look down on other people. This underlines the clear distance between the colonialists and the people who are colonialized. Even though slavery was abolished by this time, hierarchical structures were still present (Wende 2012: 237). In â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers† the white society seems to be very hostile to acts or people who do not fit in their idea of life. Not only the Market Street shows the racial segregation, but also the description of the two cemeteries. On the one hand, there is â€Å"the Catholic cemetery, where all day the candles burnt almost invisible in the sunlight. When night came they twinkled like fireflies. The graves were covered with flowers- some real, some red of yellow paper or little gold cut-outs. † (21). This cemetery is the one where mostly black people were buried. Just like their clothes, their cemetery is described in a more colorful way. Whereas â€Å"the Anglican cemetery, which was not very far away, down the hill, was deserted and silent. † (21). Just like the people, the cemeteries have some point where they seem to be alike, for they both are places where people are buried, but they have significant differences. When referring to the people this could be interpreted as the black people are more kindly (bright) and the white are more dismissive (grey). 3. Conclusion ___________________________________________________________________________ An impoverished stranger comes from off the island, usually from ‘home’, and courts and marries a local woman who, in narrative terms, is seen to represent the island itself. That story is fundamental to Rhys’s work. [†¦] It is the story of Mr. Ramage, in â€Å"Pioneers, Oh Pioneers. † And, crucially, it is the story of Rhys herself [†¦] (Hulme 2000: 20). In Jean Rhys’s short story the setting fulfills several functions. One the one hand, it is used to determine the place where the action takes place. As already mentioned above, the place where the entire plot takes place and where the houses which are directly mentioned, such as Ramage’s Spanish Castle or Dr Cox’s house, are to be found, is Dominica. On the other hand, the setting is used to characterize acting people in an indirec way. For example, it is never said that the Cox family is a rich one. Only the description of one room in their house with chairs made of timber and a tigerskin rug leads the reader to the conclusion that they are a family which is well off. Furthermore, the setting tells the reader important character traits of 8 Dr Cox. The description of his desktop with a lot of newspapers implies that he is intelligent and a prestigious man. Another function of the setting in â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers† is to point out the racial segregation, that was still present on Dominica in 1899. Although the differences were never mentioned explicitly, it becomes clear that there is a huge discrepancy between black and white people, as the setting implies. For example, when Ramage marries Isla, he is â€Å"lost to white society† (15). In their eyes, the way Ramage lives does not match their ideas of a hierarchy everyone has to stick to. They want a clear separation of colonialists and the people who are colonialized. As Malcolm and Malcolm point out â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneer†, deals with the cultural clash between those two groups (1996: 83). The white people outrank the black islanders. This is also to be seen in the scene on the â€Å"yellow-hot Market Street† (11), as the reader already got to know. The white women Mrs Menzies does not only feel like she is in a higher position, she actually really is, because she rides past the black people on her horse. Furthermore Malcolm and Malcolm emphasize that even the date emphasizes the clash. Peter Hulme sees in Jean Rhys’s short story ‘Pioneers, Oh Pioneers’ not only a foreshadowing of the life of the inexperienced settler, but a critique of precisely the sorts of imperial road-building ambitions that were promoted by politicians and administrators such as Chamberlain and Hesketh Bell (Hooper 2005: 9). 9 4. Bibliography Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. , 1988. Chatman, Seymour. Reading Narrative Fiction. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993. David Plante. Difficult Women: A Memoir of Three. 1983. Hooper, Glenn (Ed? ). Landscape and Empire. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005. Hulme, Peter. â€Å"Islands and Roads: Hesketh Bell, Jean Rhys and Dominica’s Imperial Road. † The Jean Rhys Review 11:2 (2000), 23-51. Malcolm, Cheryl Alexander Malcolm, David. Jean Rhys: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996. Rhys, Jean. â€Å"Pioneers, Oh, Pioneers. † Sleep It Off Lady. London: Penguin Books, 1979, 1121. Rhys, Jean. Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography. London: Penguin Books, 1981. Savory, Elaine. The Cambridge Introduction to Jean Rhys. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. Smith, Michael Garfield. The Plural Society in the British West Indies. London: University of California Press, 1974.