Business Ethics and Social Responsibility - 665 Words

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Sexual orientation discrimination includes being treated differently or harassed because of your real or apparent sexual orientation -- whether gay, lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual. This type of discrimination may be illegal in your workplace, depending on where you work. This is not a personal problem that should be handled among themselves. As an Equal Employment Opportunity company, the company should ensure that guidelines are given and followed to prevent this type of sexual harassment and discrimination. If the company permits the posting of these types of pictures then the problem will never be solved. Robinson should not have to argue with her peers because she feels she has†¦show more content†¦Secondly, moral rights provide individuals with independence and equality in the free pursuit of their interests. An employee does have a right not be offended. He or she should be given an equal chance and fair opportunity to comp lete their work tasks without being offended. Offensive gestures interfere with an individual’s ability to work. A right is an individual’s prerogative to something. Included in this claim is the right to act in a certain manner and to have people act in a certain manner towards them. She has the moral right to work as she chooses, her co-workers, supervisors, and managers must leave her interests free to pursue. Her individual pursuits must be protects, by offending a worker, his or her moral rights are deprived. The sexually explicit pictures, the sexually suggestive and humiliating comments of her male co-workers and the men only sign in the ship fitters trailer are wrongful acts that deprive Robinson from her right to be treated equally. As an individual, she is entitled to be treated in the same manner as the men she works with. Rights are powerful devices whose main purpose is to enable the individual to choose freely whether to pursue certain interests or activi ties and to protect those choices. Unfortunately, Robinson was not given this opportunity, or choice, when others warned her â€Å"to ‘take cover’ or leave so that men could exchange jokes out of herShow MoreRelatedSocial Responsibility And Business Ethics Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of social responsibility in business organizations and society. This paper will compare similarities and differences between Cohen’s perspective on social responsibility to the social responsibility and business ethics theories of Drucker and Milton Friedman. Furthermore, this paper will provide a frame of reference on corporate social responsibility and business ethics presented in other research. Social Responsibility Defined Cohen, 2009 wrote in his article that Drucker defined social responsibilityRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Social Responsibility1167 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARITIVE BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Essay on Ethics and corporate Social Responsibilities SUBMITTED BY: Karuna Shrestha SID# TIA2346 SUBMITTED TO: Understanding Ethics and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) Corporate social responsibility is no more characterized by the amount of cash an organization adds to charities, yet by its general inclusion in exercises that enhance the nature of individuals lives. Corporate Responsibility has come up as a huge topic in theRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Social Responsibility1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Businesses nowadays hold a lot of responsibility when developing and selling products/service ethically. Business ethics is the discussion that many scholars are talking about in securing a business’s reputation and success. In this paper, I will be tackling the surrounding ideals when it’s comes to business ethics and how a business should be run in order to have social responsibility. In addition, the theories that are based around these topics will be added into a scholarly debateRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Social Responsibility879 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics and Social Responsibility During this short summer class, I have understood more than I ever could have done before. Not only because the study of ethics is crucial, but also because being socially responsible is part of being ethical. Among the most important assignments required from this course are: Journals, discussion boards, social project, and the lectures. However, the first group collaboration was our own code of ethics; from there, students were required to follow it asRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in the workplace help the organization to grow and prosper. They bring about leadership, work culture and literacy. Ethic are beliefs about what’s right or wrong and good or bad based on individual’s values and morals, plus a behavior social context. Ethical behavior conforms to individual beliefs and social norms about what’s right and good. Unethical behavior conforms to individual beliefs and social norms about whatâ€℠¢s wrong or bad. Business ethics refers to ethical or unethical behaviorRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesSOLUTION Business Ethics Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. The same principles that determine an individual’s actions also apply to business. Acting in an ethical way involves distinguishing between â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† and then making the â€Å"right† choice. It is relatively easy to identify unethical business practices. For example, companies should not use child labor. They should not unlawfully use copyrighted materials and processes. They should not engageRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Moral And Social Responsibility1750 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness ethics are moral and social responsibility that a business is supposed to have towards the community in general. Many companies are concerned about their social responsibility, particularly to the environment and their employees. Our values and morals are our personal guidelines that help us make decisions about what is right and what is wrong. Most companies have policies and procedures it is important for managers and employees to have guidelines to follow in the workplace. I think weRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay233 3 Words   |  10 Pagesvarious interpretations of four separate authors in respect to ethics and social responsibility as they apply to business. The four articles to be reviewed are; â€Å"The Social Responsibilities of Business is to Increase its Profits† by Milton Friedman, â€Å"The Relevance of Responsibility to Ethical Business Decisions† by Patrick E. Murphy, â€Å"What is ‘business ethics’† by Peter F. Drucker and â€Å"To Be Ethical Not To Be: An International Code of Ethics for Leadership† by Ala’ Alahmad. Each of these articles representsRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility1502 Words   |  7 Pages Nowadays, a business wants to exist and grow in a society, which business ethics and corporate social responsibility are sensitive and crucial objectives, the business should do what is right. Many people agree that business does not exist beyond society, it is a citizenship in the society. Therefore , business has to have many certain obligations and social responsibility. It generally means business have to do something good for the community, making social contribution, and using effectivelyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Business Ethics8391 Words   |  34 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BUSINESS ETHICS Final Project Report for Legal Aspects of Management Submitted To Prof. Dr. D.S. Sengar Professor, IIM Lucknow Submitted By Group 9 Abhinav Bansal, PGP31186 Chheda Adarsh Jayesh, PGP31199 Manideep Akarapu, PGP31213 Ritika Srivastava, PGP31226 Surbhi Aggarwal, PGP31239 â€Æ' Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Acknowledgement 4 Business Ethics 5 Corporate Social Responsibilty 7 CSR Law 7 Crisis Management CSR 10

Human Freedom And The Self - 1822 Words

One of the big dilemmas in the philosophical community surrounds whether humans have free will in determining their choices or whether forces outside human control determine actions. A solution to the problem has long been sought since it involves one of the core beliefs about human nature. Furthermore, whether or not humans have free will has influence on whether humans can be subject to praise or blame. Within this problem, there are three main schools of thought: compatibilism, hard determinism, and libertarianism. In this paper, I will explain the theory of libertarianism and compare it to its two counterparts: hard determinism and compatibilism. Within the explanation, I will define the specific meanings of determinism and free will. I will continue with an explanation of the dilemma Chisolhm faces when it comes to justifying the existence of a libertarian world in his paper â€Å"Human Freedom and the Self†. I will describe how he attempts to resolve the problem through the implementation of agent causation. Finally, I will argue that since Chisholm simply asserts his solution, he does not successfully solidify the legitimateness of libertarianism. However, I will modify Chisholm’s explanation of agent causation to show that, with proper fact-based proof, it makes sense and secures a libertarian world. Libertarians believe in the existence of free will but do not believe the existence of a deterministic world. The view that these two phenomena, free will and determinism,Show MoreRelatedHuman Freedom And The Self By Roderick M. Chisholm1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Human Freedom and the Self,† Roderick M. Chisholm takes the libertarian stance, arguing that freedom is incompatible with determinism, that determinism is in fact false, and that humans do posses the kind of freedom required for moral responsibility. Chisholm argues that a deterministic universe, where all events, including human actions, proceed from prior events without the possibility that they would proceed differently than they do prevent the possibility that humans are responsible for theirRead MoreHuman Freedom And The Self By Roderick M. Chisholm Essay2503 Words   |  11 PagesIn the paper, â€Å"Human Freedom and the Self† Roderick M. Chisholm offers his theory of human freedom and defends i t against a couple objections. One of the objections we will talk about which is the second objection is connected to the concept of immanent causation, where causation is by an agent, he argues how the statement â€Å"the prime mover unmoved† (page 391) has been subject to difficulty. Chisholm explains immanent causation as being an agent causing the event A to happen, but although the agentRead MoreHegel Essay Analysis990 Words   |  4 Pagesthat freedom is terribly misunderstood in its formal subjective sense, and has been far removed from its essential purpose and goals. People think they should be able to do whatever they want and that is what freedom is, and that anything limiting there desires, impulses , and passions is a limit of there freedom. Hegel is saying this is not true, but these limitations are simply the condition from which they must free themselves from, and that society and the government are where freedom is actualizedRead MoreModern Liberalism: Rous seau ´s Theory of Freedom894 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom is a difficult doctrine that takes part in politics. Philosophy emphasized entirely determined by public, particularly in sociology and economics. Liberty can clarify the distinction between negative and positive liberty, the following part of this essay covers two issues. Meanwhile, the second purpose in this essay is to explore the implication of negative and positive freedom on the relationship between the individual and the states which will utilize different real instance in the worldRead MoreNietzsche And Mill s Ideas Of Freedom1243 Words   |  5 PagesMill’s ideas of freedom is to define freedom adequately so that it can be used as a basis for comparison. Each theorist’s opinion on what freedom is, however, appears to be fairly distinct. Mill might describe freedom as the absence of constraints to original, individual thought, whereas Nietzsche conceptualizes freedom as continual self-overcoming to e volve a more actualized self. Freedom for Nietzsche is overcoming wrong beliefs and creating one’s own values, whereas for Mill, freedom is having theRead MoreFreedom And The Transformative Process Of Life1614 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of freedom is often different to people in respect with their demographics. Generally, freedom is defined as to be free is to express your opinion and beliefs towards a subject within society, without fear of being judged or punished on account of your personal ideals. Freedom has always been integral to all human beings, in both historical and contemporary contexts. Although, freedom is seen through different perspectives in religious and secular society. Catholic define freedom as the capacityRead MoreThe Argument Of Abortion On Abortion1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe argument of abortion is largely circumstanced around whether or not a fetus should be considered as a human person and, if indeed it is, when exactly in the stages of dev elopment can a person agree with the aforementioned statement. Most pro-life supporters firmly believe that a fetus is a human at the instance of conception and use this as a sole basis to argue that abortion is therefore immoral. Judith Jarvis Thomson is not convinced that this basis is a sufficient defense and approaches theRead MoreTranshumanism Essay example918 Words   |  4 PagesMorphological Freedom: A Refutation to the Benefits of Transhumanism and Physical Disabilities Transhumanism is a word that describes anything which favors the development of innovative technologies for the improvement of human health, both physical and mental. Throughout the past decade, this movement of transhumanism has started to take course throughout the world. Biotechnologies are one subset of the transhumanist movement that have consistently shown great promise to benefit society as a wholeRead MoreThe Sorrows Of Young Werther And Wordsworth s The Prelude1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world and it is largely referred to the physical world . indeed the humankind is a part of nature. Living in very relaxing nature give the human freedom of everything. Freedom is a very great word in the society , a direct cause and indirect conflicts of mankind on Earth, both own psychological conflicts or conflicts on the borders of the land. Freedom means the ability to make decisions, or select options, without any limitation or condition, any other autonomy without limitation viz. Th e conceptRead MoreThe Deterministic View Of Freedom1205 Words   |  5 Pages One philosophy that I found interesting was the deterministic view of freedom. There has been much debate on whether freedom exist and determinism is one of the views that tries to answer that question. Determinism claims that everything that happens, including human action, is determined by previous events that govern human nature; the previous events include biological and psychological laws. According to the text, determinism is defined as â€Å"the view that every event has prior conditions that

Female Juvenile Delinquency free essay sample

What went wrong with â€Å"Sugar and Spice and all things nice†? Ariana Kalaitzaki S2760178 Griffith University Abstract This review addresses major questions around female juvenile delinquency, around which much contemporary research is oriented. These involve which factors are contributing to female juvenile delinquency and what causes female juveniles to display criminal behaviour in the first place. Theories and risk factors will be identified. Although research in the past decade has yielded considerable information about these questions, issues that need further investigation are also presented. Female juvenile delinquency: What went wrong with â€Å"Sugar and Spice and all things nice†? Until recently, girls have been virtually invisible in criminology studies and theories of delinquency (Belknap, 2001; Chesney-Lind amp; Belknap, 2004) however girls continue to be incarcerated for their criminal behaviours. The FBI reported that girls accounted for one in four arrests of young people in America in 1999 (FBI, 2002). According to Snyder amp; Sickmund (2006) females accounted for 29% of arrests and 15% of juveniles in custodial care in 2003. In 2007, females accounted for 17% of juvenile crime index arrests, 35% of juvenile property crime index arrests and 33% of juvenile disorderly conduct arrests (Puzzanchera, 2009). Furthermore, between 1985 and 2007, the increase in females with person offenses was 233% (Hockenberry, 2010) and in 2008 juvenile female arrests for simple assault increased 12%. The overall number of delinquent girls rose 96% between 1991 and 2003 (Snyder amp; Sickmund, 2006). All of this data indicates that girls’ involvement in the juvenile justice system has increased significantly over the past few decades. This highlighted increase in the arrest and detention of girls has brought new attention to the issue of female juvenile delinquency (Belknap, 2001) and research efforts have increased. In the past, research focused on males juveniles and the causes and effects of their behaviou (Shelden amp; Chesney-Lind, 1993). Violence and delinquency have been seen exclusively as male problems and females have been excluded from most studies (Artz, 1998) however in 2002 the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was authorised to provide funds for research and gender specific programming for girls (Schaffner, 2004). The recent rise in female juvenile delinquency rates is evidently a concern; however the reasons as to why the delinquency rates have risen are not certain. What factors are contributing to female juvenile delinquency? What causes female juveniles to display criminal behaviour in the first place? Countless researchers have attempted to answer these questions and the answers vary greatly amongst them. This report will focus on juvenile delinquency among females by reviewing the current state of the literature that examines the roles of girls involved in illegal behaviour, and reasons for their participation in crime. This issue is significant because it is important to understand what influences females to engage in delinquent behaviour so that appropriate prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies can be identified (Widom, 2000). Theoretical Explanations for Female Delinquency Biological Determinism. Lombroso was the first to study female delinquency in 1895. He attributed the involvement of women in crime to biological abnormalities and traits present at birth which predetermined them to become criminals. Lombroso felt that women developed differently within sexual and racial limitations (Gora, 1982). Biological abnormalities and primitive traits characterised and helped define criminally prone females and this was referred to as Trait Theory (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). Women were expected to be feminine, therefore masculine women were linked to criminal disposition and characteristics such as obesity, moles, dark hair and body hair were thought to be common in delinquent females (Gora, 1982). However, contemporaries of Lombroso had contrary notions. Cyril Burt attributed female delinquency to menstruation. William Healy and Augusta Bronner attributed female delinquency to abnormally masculine weight and Raffaele Garofaldo believed that a combination of biological, social and organic factors lead a person to commit crime (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). After time, this biological view became scrutinised due to a lack of proper methodology (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). Psychological Determinism. Psychological determinism focuses on the psychological traits that lead to delinquency such as mental and emotional disturbances. There are 3 common perspectives. The first is the psychoanalytic theory. Sigmund Freud proposed 3 dimensions of the human personality including the id, ego and superego. The id is the unrestrained, pleasure seeking component. The superegos purpose is to restrain the id using morals and the ego finds a balance between the id and superego (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). Freud believed that an imbalance of these components led to a damaged personality, and in women, their deviance resulted from sexual maladjustment, gender conflict and neuroses (Gora, 1982). The second perspective is the behavioural theory whereby personality is developed through interactions with others (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). Behaviourism is concerned with measurable events, such as the reaction a minor gets as a result of their behaviour. If behaviour is reinforced, the minor will be more likely to repeat the behaviour. The third perspective is cognitive theory which is concerned with the way individuals perceive the world around them. This theory explains that peoples’ reasoning develops from birth up until a person is older, eventually leading to a mature adult with logic (Siegel amp; Senna, 1997). Here, criminals are thought to be lower in their moral judgement development. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) explain delinquency in what is known as a general theory of crime which supports psychological determinism. Having low self-control is one reason why females may engage in criminal behaviour. Those who lack self-control tend to take more risks, and are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour (Burton, Cullen, Evans, Alfred amp; Dunnaway, 1998). Social positivism. Social positivism focuses on social and cultural factors which lead to delinquency (Lancelot amp; Blanc, 2002). Among the many social control explanations that may be applied to explain female delinquency is social bond theory (Gottfredson amp; Hirschi, 1990). This approach claims that an individual with strong ties to family, friends and work were insulated from criminal involvement. Cerkovich, Giordano and Rudolfo (2000) support social bond theory in their study which found that the strongest predictor of female criminal behaviour was living with a mate or being married. Furthermore, Anderson, Holmes and Ostresh (1999) study highlighted that attachment to school and peers significantly decreased girls severity of delinquency. A contrasting theory originates from Sutherland in 1929 and was referred to as differential association theory (Heidenson, 1985). This concept explains criminal behaviour as a result of exposure to others holding favourable definitions towards breaking the law. Interactions with criminal associates increased an individual’s chances of breaking the law. However, Sutherland ignored women in his theory and failed to elaborate on his analysis of sex differences as an explanation for a greater involvement of males in crime (Heidenson, 1985). For both social and psychological determinism, the theories are deficient in a number of ways. They fail to explain why most females that are exposed to high risk variables such as abuse and neglect do not become delinquents. They do not demonstrate a direct cause and effect. Anti-determinism. Anti-determinism perspective views crime as a result of choice and free will. Cesare Beconna and Jeremy Bentham supported this notion, believing that females who chose to break the law do so after weighing up the benefits and consequences of their actions (Barlow, 1993). They found that if the consequences were severe and surpass the benefits, the behaviour could be controlled. Barlow (1993) contrasts this view as he claims that females possess limited rationality and states that most people cannot have all of the information they need to evaluate possible outcomes when deciding to commit a crime. The anti-deterministic perspective is also deficient as it fails to address the effects of psychological problems and mental instabilities on females and does not take into account an individual’s intelligence, personality and drug use. Prevalent Risk Factors of Female Juvenile Delinquency Researchers have generated countless factors which are thought to contribute to female juvenile delinquency. One predominant contributing factor is mental health disorders. (Cocozza, 1997) study highlighted that large numbers of girls in the juvenile system have serious mental health problems with histories of abuse and neglect. The National Institute of Justice asserted that 57% of mildly to moderately depressed girls engaged in higher levels of aggressive behaviour, compared with 13% of those who were not depressed (Earls amp; Obeidallah, 1999). Veysey (2003) supports these findings, claiming that depressed girls are likely to experiences higher rates of delinquency, substance abuse and teen pregnancy. Bonham (2006) also maintains the notion that mental health disorders is a risk factor of female juvenile delinquency, whereby his study identified developmental issues, psychiatric mental health disorders and community aspects as key factors in delinquency. Furthermore, McCabe, Lansing, Garland and Hough (2002) study of delinquents found that female delinquents had higher rates of psychological symptoms and higher rates of DSM-IV symptoms. In opposition to these findings, another widely accepted factor believed to contribute to female juvenile delinquency is victimisation. Bartollas (2003) reported that the first step on the pathway to female offending is victimisation. Belknap (2001) and Giordano (2008) studies also produced findings that support this, claiming that the most prevalent risk factor experiences by girls in the juvenile system is abuse. Hennessey, Ford, Mahoney, Ko amp; Siegfried (2004) estimated that up to 70% of female adolescent delinquents have a history of child sexual abuse. This research points to a link between victimisation and delinquency; however data on victimisation of females in the juvenile justice system is collected with a lack of standardisation and consistency. The researcher’s data collection methods differ and the numbers vary significantly from study to study. The third biggest factor believed to contribute to female juvenile delinquency is substance abuse. Hawkins, Catalano and Miller (1992) state that substance abuse affects mental health disorders, motivations, cognitive processes and risky behaviour. Most research on substance abuse is on male samples; however there is evidence that substance abuse is highly correlated with disruptive behaviours of females’ as well. McClelland, Teplin and Abram (2004) found that substance abuse and early use in females is associated with more serious delinquency and longer delinquent careers, more risky behaviour and more serious criminal offenses. Acoca (1995) produces a reason which supports these findings in that substance abuse interrupts adolescents development of cognitive skills. Acoca (1995) believes that this lack of development of inductive and deductive reasoning impairs decision making and judgement skills of adolescents. Research has provided much information attempting to explain the causes for the involvement and rise in female delinquency. Beliefs amongst researchers as to why juvenile females become delinquent vary from biological to psychological to social to anti-deterministic. The central risk factors vary from mental health disorders to victimisation to substance abuse. Regardless of who supports which theory, it is certain that the involvement of females engaging in delinquent behaviour is now sparking a lot of attention. The growing number of females in the criminal system calls for better methods for addressing female delinquency through effective intervention strategies. Many researchers argue that female delinquents be place aside. Few programs are available to them and most are not suited to deal with their special needs. After an extensive review of the literature and existing research on female juvenile delinquency, it appears important to address the development of early identification and prevention strategies.

Organisational Decision Making Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Decision Making. Answer: Introduction In order to succeed in today's competitive era, it has become necessary for the managers to ensure that the organisation has a sound decision-making process. The decisions taken by the organisations may relate to the development of products and services, incentives to hire and retain talented employees, marketing strategies for attracting customers, or strategies to ensure growth and success in the market (Shapira, 2002). However, for all the decisions that are to be taken by the managers, it is essential that it is an informed decision, that is, there is a sufficient availability of the information, on the basis of which the decision is taken (Nestor-Harper, 2017). There are various tools and techniques available which allows the managers to compare different alternatives and find the one which has the best outcome. These tools and techniques may include sensitivity analysis, break-even analysis in case of development of new products, scenario analysis, or the application of simulation techniques. In this respect, the following discussion attempts to define the concept of decision-making in an organisation. It is aimed at explaining the link between various capital budgeting techniques, the analytical tools and the way in which they contribute to the overall corporate decision-making. Capital Budgeting and Organisational Decision Making The main assumption in the decision-making process of an organisation is the presence of quality information. Majority of the decisions taken in an organisation are likely to affect long-term sustainability of the organisation, especially the decisions concerning huge investments (Kono and Barnes, 2010). For taking the investment decisions, it is essential that different financial alternatives are thoroughly analysed using different techniques. The financial tools ensure that the decision maker is aware of the decision-making process and has appropriate information which forms the framework for analysing different alternatives. It is not necessary that the decision-making process followed in is same for all the organisations; however, in general, it refers to a step by step process of choosing the best alternative after gathering relevant information and analysing the available options for addressing a problem (Nutt and Wilson,2010; Ingram, 2017). In the context of investment decisions, the main tool and technique used for gathering information and analysing multiple options are the capital budgeting techniques. It is a step by step process which is used to determine the rate of return that the project or the alternative is likely to earn if the investment is made (Dayananda, 2002). These techniques are helpful for the managers to determine which projects are more profitable and the duration within which value of the initial investment would be realised. Capital budgeting technique is considered as a useful tool in the decision-making process as it creates measurability and accountability. This is due to the reason that any investment decision taken without considering the return and risks associated with the project may serve as a reason for the downfall of an organisation. It is one of the techniques that is effective in measuring the efficiency of investment decisions and allow the managers to invest companys money in the profitable alternatives (Baker and English, 2011). With the help of capital budgeting techniques, managers are likely to have an in-depth knowledge about the companys prospective alternatives. It can help the managers in developing long-term strategic plans for the company and seeking out the new profitable investment options. It even enables the managers to forecast future estimated cash flows of the company in case of different investment projects, which is regarded as the main source for creating value for the company in long run. Unlike other decisions of the business which usually includes a single aspect, capital budgeting techniques help the decision maker to take decisions related to companys finance and its investment (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004). The combination of sound finance and investment decisions can help the company not only in making profits but would also assist in attaining a competitive edge over its competitors in the market. Sensitivity Analysis The sensitivity analysis, also known as what-if analysis is a technique widely used by the managers to gather relevant information for taking decisions. This technique is mostly used for an in-depth study of the alternatives that are present for taking investment decisions. Under this technique, with the assumptions being constant, two variables are studied, namely dependent variable and independent variable. The independent variable is used to determine the way in which the dependent variable will react, that is, the changes in the independent variable is measured on the dependent variable, under a set of given assumptions. With the help of this technique, future outcomes of the decision can be predicted through dependent and independent variable. This technique is useful where the managers are of opinion that there is a possibility that the assumptions made can turn out to be unreliable. The manager is given an opportunity to make changes in the assumptions and other estimates, and determine the effect that it may have on the finances of the project that is to be undertaken. It actually serves as a basis for preparing the managers for contingencies that may arise during the course of a project and the possible losses that it may cause due to such contingencies. In respect of the techniques used for capital budgeting, it serves as a tool for calculating the extent of change in assumptions on the benefits of the project. This signifies that this tool helps in measuring the impact on the net benefits of the project in the quantitative terms (Koening, 2017). The impact of changes in assumptions and estimates, especially in the form of cost, risk and return is calculated on the internal rate of return and the net present value of the projects. This analysis helps in finding out the extent to which the net present value of the project is sensitive to the variables that are used for calculation purpose. Moreover, this would also help the decision makers in identifying the reasons for the failure of project. Adoption of this analytical tool can serve a twin purpose in the decision-making process of a company. The first purpose is that with the help of changing the assumptions and estimates in a project, the managers are likely to find out the trend of changes in the outcomes of the project. Secondly, it would help in determining the role that the input variables play in the economic worth of the project (Borgonovo, 2017). If the input variables are significant or key determinants of the project, the manager has to critically analyse other factors also while making the investment and finance decisions. Scenario Analysis The scenario analysis is an advanced form of sensitivity analysis as it allows the managers to make changes in multiple assumptions at the same time. The decision makers use this analytical tool for measuring the potential variability that exists in the outcomes of a project. Unlike the earlier analytical tool which only allows changes in a single variable, this method enables the managers to make changes in multiple estimates or assumptions. There can be multiple independent variables in the scenario analysis and the impact of all these variables is measured on the outcome of project (Munier, 2011). On the basis of multiple scenarios constructed by managers by altering the estimates, a range of net present value is determined within which the actual outcome of the project would lie. Apart from establishing a base scenario, two more scenarios are established to identify the worst and best net present values of the project, which are termed as worst case scenario and best case scenario respectively. The best and the worst case depict the upper and lower range of the possible outcomes and it is estimated that the actual outcome of the project would fall in this determined range. The best case scenario would have higher profits, low costs, extended product lifecycle, better salvage value of the assets and other favourable conditions (Damodaran, 2008). On the other hand, the worst case scenario would show opposite conditions in terms of sales, profits, costs, prices and salvage value of assets. The main aim of the scenario analysis is to identify the joint impact of multiple variables on the outcome of project. Break-Even Analysis Break-even analysis is an effective tool for taking decisions in investment projects which require the development of new products and services. With the help of this analytical tool, the managers can determine the break-even points, such as the quantity that is to be manufactured and the price at which it should be sold (Vance, 2002). This analysis helps in specifying the requirements that are necessary for the company to ensure that it does not go into losses with the investment decision. This tool focuses on identifying the level which is required to be attained by the company to ensure a no profit, no loss situation. It specifies the minimum quantity that is required so that the project does not incur any losses and where the costs incurred in the project is equivalent to the benefits generated by such investment. In addition to the break-even points, this tool is also effective for studying the nature of different costs that are associated with a project, namely- variable costs, fixed costs and total costs (Cafferky, 2010). However, for taking investment and finance decisions, the managers are required to toughly investigate the entire project and just not take decisions based on this tool. This is due to the reason that in certain situations it does not provide the necessary information such as the extent to which the results of the project are good or bad or the probability of the outcomes. Simulation Analysis The simulation techniques for analysing the alternatives are considered to be an appropriate technique for decision-making. Unlike other analytical tools discussed above, this technique has the capability of indicating probability of the occurrence of outcomes. With the application of computer software, the managers can make continuous changes in different variables and estimates and develop a probability distribution which can indicate the probability of occurrence of certain outcomes (Tam, Tong and Zhang, 2007). This technique enables the manager to determine the probability of the net present value of the projects with the probability of the project outcomes and the relationship that exists between them. In order to examine the outcomes that are risky in nature, this technique makes use of probability solutions and random numbers which are predetermined. For every input variable, simulators are run once the statistical distribution for each variable is estimated (Rosenthal and Pijnenburg, 2012). The purpose of running simulators is to identify the pattern in which the variables of the project affect its outcome. On the completion of this process, the decision makers have the overview of the estimated outcomes of the project and the probability with which this outcome would be achieved. It helps in developing different scenarios of risk-return trade-off, unlike the other analytical tools which provide single point estimates of risk-return trade-offs. Conclusion Every organisation has its own decision-making process and it is necessary for the decision makers to understand this process. The quality of the decisions helps in directing the organisation towards long-term success; for which it is necessary that the managers have the required information for making an informed decision. It is the responsibility of the decision maker to use different analytical tools so that all the alternatives are properly analysed, keeping in consideration the positive and negative aspects of each alternative. It is concluded that investment and finance decisions are one of the critical decisions which have a direct impact on sustainability of the business. The capital budgeting techniques allow the managers to analyse the risk associated with each project and the rate of return that it earns. Even for making the decision for the best investment, the managers can make use of the analytical tools, such as scenario analysis, break-even analysis, sensitivity analysis and simulation techniques. The sensitivity analysis allows the managers to make changes in the input variable and determine its impact on the project outcome. Similarly, the scenario analysis allows the decision makers to establish a range of best and worst case scenarios within which the actual outcome of the project would lie. This outcome is measured by making changes in multiple assumptions and input variables. The break-even analysis helps the managers in identifying the optimum quantity that is required for avoiding losses in case of new projects. However, the simulation techniques have an edge over other tools as it also depicts the probability of occurrences of the outcomes. References Baker, H. K. and English, P. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Borgonovo, E. 2017. Sensitivity Analysis: An Introduction for the Management Scientist. Berlin: Springer. Cafferky, M. 2010. Breakeven Analysis: The Definitive Guide to Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis. New York: Business Expert Press. Damodaran, A. 2008. Strategic Risk Taking: A Framework for Risk Management. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dayananda, D. 2002. Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ingram, D. 2017. What Are the Steps in the Decision-Making Process of a Manager? [Online]. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/steps-decisionmaking-process-manager-10601.html [Accessed on: 18 September 2017]. Koening, E. 2017. Sensitivity Analysis for Capital Budgeting. [Online]. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/sensitivity-analysis-capital-budgeting-10153.html [Accessed on: 18 September 2017]. Kono, P.M. and Barnes, B. 2010. The role of finance in the strategic-planning and decision-making process.Graziadio Business Report 13(1), pp. 1-5. Munier, N. 2011. A Strategy for Using Multicriteria Analysis in Decision-Making: A Guide for Simple and Complex Environmental Projects. Berlin: Springer. Nestor-Harper, M. 2017. Decision Making Processes in Organizations. [Online]. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/decision-making-processes-organizations-26291.html [Accessed on: 18 September 2017]. Nutt, P.C. and Wilson, D.C. 2010. Handbook of Decision Making. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Peterson, P.P. and Fabozzi, F.J. 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Rosenthal, U. and Pijnenburg, B. 2012. Crisis Management and Decision Making: Simulation Oriented Scenarios. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Shapira, Z. 2002. Organizational Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tam, C.M., Tong, T.K.L. and Zhang, H. 2007. Decision Making and Operations Research Techniques for Construction Management. Kowloon: City University of HK Press. Vance, D.E. 2002. Financial Analysis and Decision Making. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.

Gentrification A Tool for Society free essay sample

Help for the closing statement Gentrification offers new possibilities such as property value increases that give families leverage in the housing market and Jobs created by the bankruptcy, reconstruction, and renovation projects, or those that new businesses would bring to the neighborhood. This could provide an excellent, convenient source of income for the (previously) low-income residents of the neighborhood. The capital being invested in the neighborhood by the middle-class will definitely draw the attention nd funds of the government, resulting in investment in public services and amenities. And who is to say that the gentrification of the city in the past years has been the reason for the drop in murder and crime rates. These examples are Just a few of the innumerable positive outcomes of gentrification, and seem to benefit not only the middle-class investing in the neighborhood, but also those who originally inhabited it. Gentrification is a tool that society can take advantage of in order to mprove ourselves, our neighbors, and our city as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Gentrification: A Tool for Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People need to improve themselves, but there are not willing to implement changes, they feel comfortable, and they do not want to confront challenges in their life. To make change emphsises that communities need to managing change is extreme importance for the suvival of any neighborhood, communities need to adopt to change at a faster pace which anticipates future changes and take remedial measusre to counter such scenarios go hand in hand with the Phare survival of the ittest. The global competition is pressurising to change increasing and restructuring to meet such demand and pressure. Change implementation need to use successful implemantation tactics to overcome neighborhood resitance tha hinders the change process. It is a natural phenomenon that humans will resist the change due to the extreme fear of losing the communities. The communication and education is the most importance tactic that can be use as changes agents to clear the misinterpretation and oftern resistance will settle. The participation, facilitation and coercion will support the change to reduce resitance effectively. Neighborhood will view a bright future if they can get the vision right and creativity and courage should be the frame of the vision. Communitation is an essential element in the change process and is very effective in gaining peoples involvement in to the entire of neighborhood process. Effective communicative process can reduce the uncertainty of the people involved in the change process. Gentrification: A Tool for Society By marline9guzman

Biography of Paulo Coelho, Brazilian Writer

Biography of Paulo Coelho, Brazilian Writer Paulo Coehlo (born August 24, 1947) is a Brazilian writer and lyricist from Rio de Janeiro. He achieved fame with his second novel, The Alchemist, which has sold at least 65 million copies and holds the Guinness World Record for being the most translated book in the world by a living author. Fast Facts: Paulo Coelho Known For:  Brazilian writer/novelistBorn:  August 24, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilParents:  Lygia Araripe Coelho de Souza, Pedro Queima Coelho de SouzaSpouse:  Christina OiticicaPublished Works: The Pilgrimage, The Alchemist, Brida, The Valkyries, By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, The Fifth Mountain, Veronika Decides to Die, The Devil and Miss Prym, The Witch of Portobello, Aleph, Adultery, HippieAwards and Honors: United Kingdom’s 2004 Nielsen Gold Book Award, France’s Grand Prix Litteraire Elle in 1995, Germany’s 2002 Corine International Award for fictionNotable Quote: â€Å"And, when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.† (The Alchemist) Early Life and Education Coelho was born in Rio de Janeiro to devout Catholic parents, Lygia Araripe Coelho de Souza and Pedro Queima Coelho de Souza, and attended Jesuit schools during his childhood. He had dreams of being a writer early in his life, but his parents were opposed as they felt it was a dead-end career. They went so far as to commit him to a mental asylum three times, beginning when he was 17; he was subject to electro-shock therapy there. He eventually began law school at the request of his parents, but dropped out in the 1970s, joining Brazils hippie subculture and traveling abroad. Early Career Under the Dictatorship In 1972, Coelho began to write lyrics for Brazilian rock singer Raul Seixas, one of many musicians protesting the military dictatorship that was in place between 1964 and 1985. The military overthrew a left-leaning president in 1964 and began a campaign of repression, utilizing censorship, kidnapping, and torture and targeting left-wing activists, artists, and intellectuals. Coelho was imprisoned various times during the dictatorship and subjected to torture, an experience he wrote about in a 2019 op-ed for the Washington Post. In that piece he drew connections between the military dictatorship and the current authoritarian-leaning presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, who has professed admiration and nostalgia for the dictatorship. Coelhos Pilgrimage and The Alchemist After traveling to Europe in 1982 and meeting a spiritual mentor, Coelho embarked on the famous Road to Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage in Spain in 1986. This event changed his life, led him to return to Catholicism, and inspired his first novel, The Pilgrimage. From then on, he devoted himself to writing. He later stated regarding the impact of his pilgrimage, When I reached Compostela,  at the end of the Road to Santiago, I thought, what am I going to do with my life? That’s when I made the decision to burn all my bridges and become a writer.† Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho poses next to a plate with his name during his visit to Santiago de Compostela, northwestern Spain, on June 23, 2008.   Miguel Riopa / Getty Images It was Coelhos second novel, The Alchemist, that converted him into a household name. The book chronicles the journey of a young Andalusian shepherd, Santiago, who embarks on a search for an Egyptian treasure that has appeared in his dreams; he ultimately finds the treasure back in his homeland. The novel is filled with inspirational messages about destiny that have been widely quoted. Published in Coelhos native Portuguese in 1988, it was not until it was translated to French in the early 1990s that the novel caught the attention of the world. New translations followed and The Alchemist holds the Guinness World Record for the most translated book in the world by any living author. It has sold anywhere between 65 and 80 million copies. Actor Laurence Fishburne has spent close to two decades trying to develop the novel into a feature film, and it appears the project may be coming to fruition soon. Author Paulo Coelho poses for a photograph at the London Book Fair as he is presented with the Guiness World Record for the most translations of a single title signed by the author in one sitting on April 16, 2007 in London, England.   Chris Jackson / Getty Images Since The Alchemist, Coelho has published a book roughly every two years. He has published both fiction and non-fiction/memoir, and is known for drawing on themes of spirituality and self-discovery. His novels often combine personal narratives with larger, philosophical questions. He also blogs extensively at http://paulocoelhoblog.com/ and is an active Twitter user who often posts inspirational quotes for his followers. Reception of Coelhos Work Despite his massive popularity with readers, Coelho has not always been lauded by literary critics, particularly in his home country of Brazil. Some critics believe he writes in a non-literary and unadorned style, at least in his native tongue of Portuguese. His books have also been critiqued as being more self-help than literature, as offering snake-oil mysticism, and for being full of vapid, inspirational messages such as what you might find on a Hallmark card. Coelho became a target of literary critics particularly in 2012, when he disparaged the work of James Joyce, widely considered to be one of the best writers of the 20th century. Sources Paulo Coelho. Britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paulo-Coelho, accessed August 8, 2019.Goodyear, Dana. The Magus: The Astonishing Appeal of Paulo Coelho. The New Yorker, April 30, 2007. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/07/the-magus, accessed August 8, 2019.Morais, Fernando. Paulo Coelho: A Warriors Life: The Authorized Biography. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009.

Indian culture ,Bhagavad Gita Analysis of a World Text see example in Research Paper

Indian culture ,Bhagavad Gita Analysis of a World Text see example in order instructuions - Research Paper Example e cause for this narration is Arjuna’s confusion regarding his relationships, bondage to people and the material world, and an effort to liberate himself from these bondages. Hence, the Lord advises Arjuna to follow path of Dharma (righteousness/duty) to achieve liberation from the materialistic bondages. According to Sankaracharya, this entire philosophy is assembled into 745 versus and based on four main principles, referred to as Purusharthas (Bhagavad-Gita, Gambhirananda, xii) in the Mahabharata; these include Dharma (The principle of righteousness), Artha (Wealth), Kaama (pleasure or desires), and moksha (spiritual freedom or self-realization) (qtd. in Rau, 25). All versus in the Bhagavad-Gita are based on these principles, and teach mankind how to abide by these principles. These teachings also include the effects of following and not following these principles on mankind and its future. The first principle of Dharma (righteousness/duty) guides all actions that man has to perform in order to successfully complete all the duties and eventually attain liberation. This topic is elaborated based on few teachings on Dharma (righteousness/duty), and explained in relation to achievement of self-liberation. For instance, the Lord advises Arjuna to focus on Dharma, which is righteousnes s of actions and duty. The Lord says, â€Å"Your right is for action alone, never for the results. Do not become the agent of the results of action. May you not have any inclination for inaction.† (Bhagavad-Gita, Gambhirananda, 2:47). Here, the lord explains that a man’s duty is only to perform actions and not expect results. Moreover, man should certainly perform actions and not escape from doing what is required. If man starts thinking about or expecting specific results from actions performed, then he will become a propagator of results desired from the work he does. This expectation could lead him towards inappropriate actions meant to achieve desired results.